Pregnancy Calendar at Week 12

What's Happening with the Baby

At 11 weeks, the growing fetus reaches 61-65 mm in length and weighs about 9-13 grams. At this stage, the future baby is active and mobile. They feel comfortable in the amniotic fluid, although the mother might not yet feel their movements. The future baby squints, opens their mouth, loves to wiggle their fingers, and even sucks on them. Nail plates start to form on their fingers, and the first hairs—soft fuzz—begin to appear on their skin.

During this period, an ultrasound shows the head looking disproportionately large, the limbs short, and the arms longer than the legs. The organ of vision has taken its place but is temporarily covered by eyelids. Behind them, the retina, cornea, and lens are developing. Taste buds in the mouth start to function, with a preference for sweet flavors. The ears are taking shape, with lobes becoming distinguishable. The nose and the formed neck can also be seen.

Organs and systems continue to develop intensively:

The rib cage adjusts to breathing movements;
The heart rate stabilizes at 110-160 beats per minute;
The structure of the respiratory pathways improves;
The formation of the digestive system and urinary organs is nearing completion. By swallowing amniotic fluid, the fetus is already capable of excreting liquid through urine. The liver is starting to produce bile;
Blood formation processes are actively occurring - white blood cells are beginning to appear in the blood;
The synthesis of hormones and enzymes for glucose digestion begins;
The brain is intensively forming. It is possible to distinguish two hemispheres, the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum. These parts receive signals from the periphery, as the spinal cord is not yet fully developed;
The skeleton continues to take shape and muscle mass is increasing;
Neuromuscular and reflex connections are being established;
Primary sexual characteristics are becoming noticeable on an ultrasound.

By the end of the third obstetric month, the fetus has gradually transformed into an embryo resembling a miniature baby. From this point on, it begins to grow and strengthen, as evidenced by the fact that its size has doubled over the past 12-14 days.

The skin is tinted red. This visual effect is due to the thinness of the dermis and the blood vessels showing through it. Nerve endings are beginning to form in the skin, allowing the little one to start exploring the world around them. However, this world is different for them: they only respond to external stimuli (light, noise, shaking).

What's Happening with Mom

By the end of the third month of pregnancy, a woman has usually gotten used to her condition. She becomes psychologically ready to connect with her future baby and starts paying attention to new sensations. During this period, nature gives her a "bonus"- morning sickness subsides, and her hormonal balance stabilizes. This leads to the restoration of her usual daily routine, better eating habits, and a positive mood.

She might experience mild, pulling pains in the lower abdomen. This is due to the stretching of the ligaments that support the uterus, which has grown to 10 cm by the 12th week.

Weight gain. Even though the size of her belly remains almost the same, her appetite significantly increases. She might develop unusual cravings for certain foods. Her weight increases by 3-7 pounds.

Hormonal activity. Due to increased prolactin activity, colostrum may be secreted from the milk ducts. This is the breasts preparing to produce milk. At the same time, the urge to urinate becomes less frequent, which can be attributed to the stabilization of hormonal levels. The adrenal glands produce a lot of estrogen, progesterone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Melanin, concentrating in certain areas, causes hyperpigmentation.

Hair Condition. By the 12th week, a pregnant woman's body accumulates estrogens, which makes the hair lush and resilient. However, as childbirth approaches and hormone levels return to their original state, the hair may start to fall out actively.

Nail Condition. Often, due to a lack of protein in the body, nails can become thin and brittle. Ridges and white spots may appear starting from the base, and the surface can become rough and bumpy. On the other hand, an increased level of the same estrogen can make them hard and stimulate rapid growth.

Changes in Skin Condition. A decrease in progesterone in the blood can lead to reduced elasticity of the dermis. Estrogen reduces the intensity of sebum production by the skin glands, causing dryness and flaking. The skin becomes very sensitive and may react with irritation to any impact. Acne may also appear.

Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders:

Heartburn. This occurs as a result of acidic stomach contents being pushed back into the esophagus. It happens because the muscles of the valve that closes off the entrance to the esophagus from the stomach relax. The hormone progesterone, produced by the placenta, has a spasmodic effect on these muscles.
Increased gas. This is triggered by the relaxation of the intestinal muscles and the slowing down of food passage through the intestines. Bloating increases as the fetus grows, due to the pressure of the uterine walls on the abdominal cavity. This slows down the digestion process and creates conditions for internal gas formation.
Constipation. This process develops in a manner similar to bloating. The slow passage of food through the digestive tract is due to a significant reduction in its peristalsis. The result is delayed bowel movements and the development of constipation. Eating fiber-rich foods can help alleviate this situation.

Pain in the pelvic area, lower back, and spine. Typically, intense back pain appears after the 4th month of pregnancy, as the musculoskeletal system prepares for the baby to pass through the birth canal. Similar symptoms at the 12th week or earlier can be caused by a sedentary lifestyle. This is explained by stagnant phenomena in the pelvic organs and weakness of its muscles.

Swelling of the limbs. The altered hormonal balance contributes to an increase in the amount of sodium in the blood and internal organs. This chemical element attracts fluid, which leads to its overall accumulation in the body. This mechanism can not only cause swelling but also provoke the development of varicose veins. According to published data, up to 45% of pregnant women report experiencing swelling by the 12th week.

Headache. It can be caused by the following reasons:

anemia;
insomnia;
stress;
unfavorable weather conditions;
high or low blood pressure;
osteochondrosis;
colds;
exacerbation of chronic diseases.

A symptom like a headache does not affect the development of the pregnancy or the health of the fetus, but developing depression does not go unnoticed.

Condition of the uterus. By the 12th week of pregnancy, the uterus becomes four times larger than usual. Its fundus is almost at the level of the upper part of the pubic symphysis, at the exit of the small pelvis.

Cystitis. According to statistics, acute cystitis develops in 3% of pregnant women during the second trimester. It can be of infectious or non-infectious nature, and sometimes one can lead to the other. Progesterone, produced by the placenta, weakens the walls of the bladder and reduces its resistance to infections. As the uterus grows, its pressure on the ureters increases. Alkalization of urine is observed, and often – glucosuria. A risk factor for the exacerbation of cystitis in a pregnant woman at the 12th week is the presence of urinary system diseases in the medical history before pregnancy.

Increased vaginal discharge. If progesterone "rules"the body during the first trimester of pregnancy, the role of estrogen increases from the 13th week. The 12th week is transitional, so the secretion of vaginal glands has its peculiarities. Normally, discharge should be moderate in amount. It is whitish or light in color, with a slight sour smell. If the nature of the discharge changes, especially if mucus, pus, or blood clots appear, an inflammatory process is present. It is dangerous when caused by sexually transmitted diseases. Additional symptoms in such cases include itching or a burning sensation. Treatment of this condition should be carried out by a doctor.

Forgetfulness, memory decline. To confirm the frequency of this symptom, humorous terms like "momnesia"and "pregnancy brain"have emerged. Scientists explain this phenomenon as an evolutionary necessity. The brain of a pregnant woman tries to shield itself from an overload of information to focus on her condition and the future baby. Additionally, the feeling of brain fatigue is triggered by progesterone and oxytocin. This is the starting point for overall memory weakening.

Mood instability. At 12 weeks pregnant, a woman may complain about emotional outbursts and feelings of anxiety. She might experience unexplained tears several times a day. The reason for these mood swings is the active synthesis of hormones. Light physical exercise, prenatal yoga, autogenic training, and engaging in favorite activities can help the body cope with this state.

Leg cramps, especially at night. These are caused by a deficiency of calcium and magnesium in the body, as well as congestion in the pelvic area.

Increased strength and frequency of heartbeats. The growing fetus requires a large supply of nutrients and dissolved oxygen. As a result, the volume of blood flow increases. The heart is forced to work harder and more efficiently. This intensified rhythm is typical for the end of the third to the beginning of the fourth obstetric months.

Susceptibility to colds. Frequent acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are a result of decreased immunity in a woman's body. Her immune system has been working for two for 11 weeks now, so resources are getting depleted. This is accompanied by a lack of vitamins, inadequate or irregular nutrition, uncontrolled medication intake, gastrointestinal diseases, excessive calorie intake, stress, lack of normal physical activity, and disruptions in work and rest schedules. As the fetus's own immune system develops, the mother may develop iron-deficiency anemia, which is another risk factor for decreased immunity.

Development of Twins

Week 12 is the period when you can clearly determine whether one or multiple fetuses are developing in the uterus. It becomes possible to observe their movements on an ultrasound and hear their heartbeats.

The development of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy is similar to that of a single pregnancy, except the woman's belly is larger.

The weight of one embryo in a set of twins at this stage averages around 20 grams, with a length of 5.3 cm. These parameters are not always the same. Doctors are not concerned about this – it all depends on the location of the embryo's attachment in the uterus.

Medical Examination

Weeks 11-12 mark the period when a pregnant woman should undergo a comprehensive screening. This screening aims to detect serious congenital abnormalities, including those of chromosomal and genetic nature. At this stage, it's crucial to determine whether the fetus's development aligns with established norms and how well the placenta is functioning.

By the end of the 12th week, the "medical documentation"should include reports from the following specialists:

Obstetrician-gynecologist. Based on their examination, a consultation with a geneticist may be necessary;
Ophthalmologist;
ENT specialist;
Neurologist;
Therapist;
Dentist;
Endocrinologist.

If the necessary first-trimester tests have not been conducted by the 12th week, they must be performed. The list includes the following tests:

blood test for PAPP-A protein levels;
blood test for hCG levels;
general clinical urine analysis;
general clinical urine analysis;
blood protein test;
urine culture test;
blood test for Wassermann reaction;
serum test for HIV, hepatitis B and C, and TORCH infections;
biochemical blood analysis;
vaginal cytology;
flora and sensitivity test;
blood test for sugar levels and glucose tolerance;
coagulogram;
blood test for blood type and Rh factor.

In case of suspected threat of pregnancy termination, a test for progesterone and TSH levels will be ordered. If indicated, a placental study for chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus will be conducted.

Procedures

Ultrasound. At this stage, it is called prenatal screening. It is necessary to assess the risk of fetal development;
colposcopy – if needed;
electrocardiogram.

If there are specific indications, specialized instrumental examinations will be prescribed to objectively assess the health status of the pregnant woman.

Challenges of Pregnancy

The 12th week is generally a relatively calm and balanced period of pregnancy, but in some cases, there are challenges in carrying the pregnancy to term.

Risk of Miscarriage. The causes of this condition can include hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, infectious and parasitic diseases, immunological disorders, and structural pathologies of the reproductive organs. Hormonal disorders typically involve insufficient synthesis of progesterone, which can be either acquired or congenital. Genetic pathology refers to abnormal chromosome mutations that result in a nonviable fetus. These can arise from radiation exposure or consumption of foods containing genetically modified organisms and teratogens. Among the infectious agents that can cause miscarriage, the rubella virus is particularly notable if it infects an unvaccinated individual. Immunological disorders involve the mother's body producing antibodies that are hostile to the fetus. This pathology is the result of autoimmune processes, the causes of which are still not fully understood today.

Pregnancy is also difficult to sustain against the backdrop of thyroid dysfunction. This is explained by a deficiency of iodine-containing hormones, which are necessary for a normal physiological pregnancy.

The structure of a woman's reproductive organs plays a significant role as a risk factor for miscarriage. For instance, cervical insufficiency – an underdevelopment of the cervix – puts the retention of the fetus at risk. Conditions from the risk group include endometriosis and various types of fibroids.

Main symptoms. Complaints that may indicate a miscarriage include:

pain in the lower abdomen;
cramping discomfort caused by increased uterine muscle tone;
vaginal discharge that differs in amount and characteristics from normal.

The threat of miscarriage can arise due to stress, trauma, chemical poisoning, exacerbation of chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, smoking, and severe allergic reactions.

Pulling or cramping pains may occur in the lower abdominal area and develop as a consequence of the causative factor. The fertilized egg, starting to detach from the placenta, experiences a lack of blood supply, and therefore, a deficiency of nutrients and oxygen.

Age of the expectant mother. As a pregnant woman ages, the risk of not carrying the fetus to term increases. For instance, by the age of forty, the risk of miscarriage is 33%, while for 30-year-olds, the percentage barely reaches 10.

Age of the Future Dad. Numerous scientific studies confirm the fact that there is a high percentage of pregnancy loss from men whose age has exceeded 40 years.

Women's Health. The risk of miscarriage increases for women who have thyroid diseases or suffer from diabetes.

Adverse Environmental Factors. Pregnancy at 12 weeks can be interrupted after being in a workplace where the air contains toxic substances, fumes from certain medications. Electromagnetic radiation, vibration, radiation, and inhalation of aerosols with chemical toxins also have a negative impact.

Obstetricians and gynecologists divide the causes of miscarriage into those that can occur at any stage of pregnancy and those that are specific to certain periods. For instance, sexual infections, parenteral hepatitis, diabetes, and stress are a list of risk factors that can provoke a miscarriage at any stage. At the same time, serious chromosomal abnormalities are a risk factor for miscarriage in the first trimester. This also includes severe toxicosis, hormonal deficiencies, and genetic-level fetal abnormalities.

Recurrent miscarriage. This is a condition where a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy to term multiple times in a row. In such cases, it's crucial for both prospective parents to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation before attempting to conceive again, to assess their overall health.

It's not uncommon for multiple risk factors for miscarriage to be present simultaneously. In such situations, the woman may be advised to stay in the hospital to manage any pathological conditions with medication in a timely manner.

What You Can and Can't Do

Ensuring a healthy pregnancy and the birth of a healthy baby is the number one priority for any expectant mother. Achieving this goal is possible by adhering to a number of restrictions during pregnancy.

What an Expectant Mother CAN Do:

Engage in physical exercises designed specifically for pregnant women;
Swim in pools and open bodies of water with guaranteed quality;
Get gentle massages for pregnant women;
Take warm, soothing baths made from herbal infusions;
Take vitamins and minerals recommended by a gynecologist, considering the stage of pregnancy;
Spend as much time as possible outdoors;
Take care of your appearance without using products that contain artificial fragrances;
Enjoy positive activities like drawing, photography, embroidery, knitting, etc.;
Attend prenatal classes;
Go to exhibitions and concerts;
Choose appropriate clothing and footwear that suits your individual needs;
Carefully engage in sex with a trusted partner;
Monitor your weight by creating a well-balanced diet plan.

What an Expectant Mother CAN'T Do:

consume foods containing flavorings, artificial taste enhancers, and preservatives;
drink carbonated beverages;

neglect a daily routine, get little sleep, and avoid fresh air;
not strengthen your body with appropriate physical exercises;

ride bicycles and similar modes of transportation;
visit saunas, Russian baths, and tanning salons;

stay under bright sunlight or ultraviolet radiation for extended periods;
work in environments with high concentrations of toxic and harmful substances in the air;

take medications without a doctor's prescription;
come into contact with infectious patients;

jump from heights and engage in cross-country running;
wear clothing made from synthetic materials;

choose clothing styles that restrict the growth of the abdomen and the preparation of the mammary glands for milk production;
wear shoes that squeeze your feet and have high arches;

work on a computer for long periods in a forced posture;
experience significant temperature fluctuations in the external environment;

stay in seismically active areas and visit exotic countries;
consume exotic fruits;

Taking care of animals if you're prone to developing allergies;
Working in stuffy environments with hazardous conditions: such as seamstresses, construction workers, painters, exterminators, etc.

Refusing to undergo medical check-ups and tests;
Consuming fried, smoked, and heavily spiced foods and dishes. Fatty meats and fish, fast food, strong tea, and coffee are prohibited;

Consuming alcohol, smoking, and using drugs.

Proper Nutrition

Ensuring a well-balanced diet for a pregnant woman is essential for creating optimal conditions for the functioning of the unified "mother-child"organism. A healthy diet is determined by the quality of the food and the methods of preparation.

At the 12th week of pregnancy, it is recommended to:

Avoid fast food and consume only guaranteed quality products. Food prepared with preservatives, flavor enhancers, and synthetic or artificial additives is unacceptable;
When choosing a diet, avoid including fatty, overly caloric foods, those seasoned with a large amount of spices, and spicy or salty sauces and condiments;
Do not consume raw or semi-processed animal products, as they may contain pathogenic microorganisms and parasites;

Prepare dishes in ways that preserve vitamins and micronutrients as much as possible: boiling, baking, and stewing. Strictly follow cooking techniques;
Enrich your diet with vitamins C, E, and zinc. These are found in seafood, legumes, and Brussels sprouts. They protect the placenta from damage and strengthen the immune system. Consume an adequate amount of iodine, which is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland in both the mother and the future baby;
Consume foods that contain folic acid. It is responsible for tissue formation, preserves the genetic set of DNA, and participates in the synthesis of amino acids.

Include fruits, vegetables, greens, and whole grains in your daily diet. If you have gastrointestinal issues, it's better to eat fruits that cause fermentation in baked form. This will also reduce the risk of heartburn and the development of bloating.
When making salads, choose low-fat yogurt or vegetable oil as a dressing. A good choice is olive oil, which is rich in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
For soups, avoid using rich meat broths. Vegetable broths and light chicken soups are healthier options.

Vegetable stews, baked vegetable assortments, and vegetable-grain dishes are beneficial.
When choosing grains, prefer buckwheat, oatmeal, millet, and barley. Buckwheat is rich in iron, which is good for preventing anemia and boosting the immune system. It has almost no fat and is high in protein. Millet strengthens the heart muscle, retains moisture in cells, and helps remove antibiotic residues. Barley has antibacterial and antiviral effects.
Avoid carbonated drinks and synthetic juices. Fruit drinks and dried fruit compotes are beneficial. The choice of natural juices depends on the acidity level of the pregnant woman's stomach acid.

When choosing fish, go for salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines, and horse mackerel. They are rich in beneficial nutrients, including Omega-3, and contain high-quality, easily digestible protein, vitamins A and D, calcium, and phosphorus, which are essential for strengthening the baby's musculoskeletal system.

At 12 weeks, the pleasure of favorite foods should be combined with their benefits. Since the development of the fetus and placenta is concluding, the body needs fish oil and eggs, vegetables and fruits, grain cereals, lean turkey, beef, and pork. Dairy and dairy products are indispensable. It's best to cook at home, as this is the only way to ensure the quality of the ingredients used.

Need for Vitamins and Minerals

By the end of the third obstetric month, the formation of the fetus is almost complete. Ahead lies the building of muscle mass, the establishment of organ and system functions, and the development of a fully functional nervous system. In these processes, the embryo critically needs vitamins and minerals. Nourished through the placenta, it must receive everything necessary from the mother's body. Therefore, her diet should include:

Vitamin A

Retinol is essential for the nourishment of the future baby, which is especially important at the beginning of the second trimester. A lack of retinol can result in babies being born with low birth weight. It plays a crucial role in the formation of epithelial tissue, which lines the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, reproductive organs, and skin. A balanced intake of vitamin A is vital for the growth and development of the embryo. It regulates the genetic regeneration of cells and tissues, ensures the effectiveness of the liver's barrier function, and enhances the efficiency of leukocytes and lymphocytes. It can exist in two forms: preformed vitamin A and carotenoid – provitamin A. Once inside the body, provitamin A is converted into fully functional vitamin A. Sources of carotenoids include vegetables, especially carrots, spices, and fruits. Vitamin A is found in beef liver, egg yolks, and butter. It is abundant in peaches, melons, pumpkin, broccoli, sage, basil, fish oil, cod liver, and butter. The daily dose is 600-800 mcg.

Vitamin B1

Thiamine - the functional equivalent of the name is "coenzyme."It activates proteins that participate in the body's biochemical reactions. In practice, its action is manifested in the increased efficiency of energy production from food, and the synthesis of nucleic acids. Thanks to thiamine, in the developing embryonic organism, the conduction of nerve impulses improves, and heart function normalizes. Thiamine plays a crucial role in the formation of the nervous system. The best sources are dried brewer's yeast, pork and beef meat, fish like eel and tuna, nuts, whole grains, legumes, potatoes, and beans.

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin is the foundation of most human body cells. When there is a sufficient amount, the conversion of food carbohydrates into energy occurs successfully, and "free radicals,"harmful to DNA cells, are neutralized. The main functions of B2, especially important for pregnant women, include the normalization of energy metabolism and iron metabolism in the body. A woman taking the necessary daily dose of riboflavin notes good skin and mucous membrane condition, healthy emotions, and a good mood. She gets tired less and rests more effectively during sleep. It is found in milk and dairy products, lean meat, eggs, green vegetables, grains, and cereal grains.

Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid is a substance that helps in the absorption of nutrients and other vitamins. It stimulates the development of the adrenal glands, affecting the increase in cortisol levels. It participates in the construction of nerve cells and nerve chains. It is necessary for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and steroids. It enhances the body's resistance to diseases and stress. If a pregnant woman is forced to take antibiotics, pantothenic acid will reduce their toxic effect. The daily requirement is 6 mg. You can get it from 100 g of beef liver, 770 g of stewed salmon, or 230 g of peanuts.

Vitamin B7

Biotin is the manager of metabolic processes. It ensures the full growth of the fetus, helping to concentrate the necessary nutrients in it. For the expectant mother, its importance lies in strengthening hair, nails, and protecting the skin. Vitamin B7, playing a certain role in the formation of the embryo, normalizes energy metabolism and positively affects the functioning of the nervous system. Sources of biotin include egg yolk, soybeans, nuts, yeast, beef liver and kidneys, and cereal grains. It is found in smaller amounts in meat, vegetables, and fruits.

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine – B6 – is essential for the synthesis of red blood cells and proteins. It supports amino acid metabolism and ensures a healthy sleep. It influences metabolic processes and affects the growth of brain and nerve tissues. In women, a deficiency in B6 can provoke toxicosis, vomiting, poor sleep, and appetite. It is found in liver, whole grain bread, legumes, and cereals.

Vitamin B12

B12 is involved in the production of amino acids. It is necessary for the well-being of the nervous and immune systems. It is found in dairy products, brewer's yeast, eggs, and soy. Together, these vitamins have a positive effect on fetal development and metabolic processes. They are essential for the formation of the endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems of the embryo.

Folic Acid

Folic acid is responsible for the integrity of DNA, which influences cell growth. It is very important for the formation of the placenta. A deficiency in folic acid can harm the neural tube of the embryo. Pregnant women may experience miscarriages due to a lack of folic acid. A deficiency negatively affects heart function and vascular tone. It is especially important during the formation of the embryo's nervous system. Additionally, it initiates the function of blood formation. It is found in hard cheese, cottage cheese, egg yolk, tomatoes, and beans. The daily requirement is 400 mcg.

Vitamin C

A deficiency in it disrupts collagen synthesis. The growth of the embryo at the 12th week is directly linked to these processes. Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron from plant-based foods. It's a powerful immune booster. It protects both the child and the mother from infections and helps in the response to allergic reactions by acting as a histamine inhibitor. It's important for its ability to neutralize free radicals. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is involved in the formation of neurotransmitters, especially when taken with Vitamin E. A lack of Vitamin C can lead to cardiovascular diseases and the growth of tumor cells. Additionally, if a pregnant woman doesn't get enough of it, she may become irritable, apathetic, have a reduced appetite, and be more susceptible to infections. Foods rich in Vitamin C include black currants, bell peppers, greens, citrus fruits, and rose hips. The recommended daily intake is 85 mg.

Vitamin D3

Cholecalciferol is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. It is also known as the "hormonal conductor."You can get it from consuming beef liver, brewer's yeast, dairy products, eggs, and butter.

Tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Strengthens the immune system, promotes muscle strength, which is especially important during periods of muscle mass increase. Tocopherol prevents the development of anemia and protects against the negative impact of environmental factors. In combination with vitamin C, it helps prevent atherosclerosis. For pregnant women, tocopherol is particularly important as it reduces the likelihood of leg cramps and participates in tissue respiration. It is found in spinach, vegetable oils, nuts, shrimp, asparagus, and sunflower seeds.

Nicotinamide

Vitamin PP is an essential component for fetal growth. It is found in enzymes that provide cells with oxygen and nutrients. It positively influences the formation and function of the digestive and cardiovascular systems, stabilizes cholesterol levels, and prevents the development of thrombosis. It is involved in the synthesis of important hormones: thyroxine, insulin, cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, and estrogens. By taking nicotinamide, a woman helps prevent hypoxia in her future child. You can get vitamin PP from food by consuming beef liver, eggs, pork, fish, tomatoes, carrots, dates, broccoli, corn, buckwheat, and wheat.

Vitamin K

Phylloquinone is a crucial player in the synthesis of proteins that regulate blood clotting. It's essential for a pregnant woman at the 12th week to normalize kidney function and helps the liver exert its detoxifying effects. It influences bone density, preventing osteoporosis. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and helps maintain normal blood pressure at the 12th week. Foods rich in phylloquinone include broccoli, lettuce, dill, cilantro, parsley, spinach, green tomatoes, dairy products, liver, eggs, salmon, flounder, and soy. The daily dose for pregnant women in the second trimester is 100 mcg.

Vitamin P

Rutoside is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is especially beneficial for the developing baby as it participates in the development of the cerebral cortex. At the 12th week of pregnancy, it protects capillaries from damage and exhibits intracellular antiviral effects. For women, it serves as a preventive measure against varicose veins.

Lutein

Lutein impacts the proper development of the eyes and brain overall. External intake of lutein is particularly important for pregnant women over 30. Foods rich in lutein include raw kale, spinach, dandelion greens, bell peppers, and turnip greens.

At the beginning of the fourth month of pregnancy, both the expectant mother and her baby need not only vitamins but also minerals. Without these in their diet, negative and irreversible processes may start to develop in the baby. Essential minerals are divided into macro and microelements.

According to WHO recommendations, women at the 12th week of pregnancy need:

Iodine

Important for the development of mental and physical abilities. Iodine deficiency leads to disruptions in the formation of the nervous system and can trigger a miscarriage. The embryo may not gain weight properly and could die. Found in sea fish, seafood, apples, greens, and to a lesser extent in meat. The daily requirement is 200 mcg.

Zinc

A powerful immune modulator. Without it, developmental defects in organs and systems can occur, which is especially dangerous for the fetal neural tube. Zinc deficiency can have a destructive effect on the fetus. Babies born with zinc deficiency are often premature and underweight. Found in oranges, figs, apples, cherries, tomatoes, eggs, cheese, nuts, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, peas, beans, and buckwheat.

Iron

It's essential for preventing anemia in pregnant women and their fetuses. A deficiency can lead to the embryo suffering from hypoxia, and the mother may experience uterine bleeding. Iron deficiency weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Iron-deficiency anemia occurs in 9 out of 10 pregnant women. High iron content is found in meat, organ meats, fish, and poultry.

Calcium

Its important role in the formation of the musculoskeletal system is well-known. It's necessary for the nervous system, heart muscle, future dental health, and hair. It’s also crucial for the development of internal tissues, including the eyes and ears. Calcium is found in dairy and fermented dairy products, cod liver, rye bread, berries, peas, lentils, and sesame seeds.

Magnesium

It is especially needed in the second trimester of pregnancy. In combination with vitamin B6, it affects the muscles' ability to relax, which is a reliable prevention of varicose veins in pregnant women. Additionally, magnesium can control excitation processes in the nervous system, providing a calming effect and promoting healthy sleep.

Manganese

It's an essential component of insulin secretion. It also regulates cholesterol levels. For a developing child's body, its role in chondrogenesis and bone mineralization is crucial. The daily dose is 2.5 mg. It can be found in oat and wheat bran, pine nuts, pistachios, wheat groats, sunflower seeds, rice, and soy.

Chromium

A well-known regulator of blood sugar levels, it's important for carbohydrate metabolism and maintains cell membrane permeability. It aids in the accumulation of glucose in cells and enhances the action of insulin. It helps combat thyroid dysfunctions. The daily requirement is 50 mcg. It is found in fish such as bonito, tuna, salmon, and chum salmon. Slightly less is found in beef liver and boiled chicken meat. Following in nutritional value are eggs and corn grits.

Copper

The value of this trace element lies in its participation in the composition of enzymes and hormones. Copper is essential for blood formation processes, hemoglobin synthesis, bone formation, and the development of connective tissue. The daily dose for pregnant women is 3 mg. A lot of copper is found in liver, peanuts, hazelnuts, shrimp, peas, and pasta. Slightly less is found in buckwheat, rice, and wheat.

Selenium

It is known as a powerful antioxidant. It is essential for the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which plays a role in normalizing thyroid function. Pregnant women with a selenium deficiency often experience weak labor activity and other complications during childbirth. The recommended dose is 20-100 mcg per day. Foods rich in selenium include fish, seafood, whole grain bread, Brazil nuts, seeds, brown rice, barley, quinoa, oatmeal, chia seeds, sesame seeds, and flaxseeds.

Other essential trace elements include:

Important! Choose a multivitamin complex based on the recommendation of your doctor – your obstetrician-gynecologist and/or therapist.

Helpful Tips

Week 12 marks the time when the fetus has developed into an embryo. In the upcoming weeks, it will continue to grow, gain weight, and develop muscle tissue. However, the expectant mother's body is already quite depleted and needs a replenishment of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully take all the prescribed medications and maintain a well-balanced diet. It's best to prepare meals yourself, using individually recommended ingredients.

Even though at this stage, the woman becomes calmer and is no longer plagued by morning sickness, the strain on her body increases. The growing belly changes her posture, and the emerging pigmentation adds unwanted features to her appearance. The man should ensure that the expectant mother does not fall into depression over this. His words should express admiration for her blossoming femininity. The woman should never doubt her attractiveness and uniqueness.

Exercises for Expecting Moms

Fitness exercises for women in their 12th week of pregnancy should be balanced and gentle. The following are contraindicated:

jumping,
running,
strength training;
exercises performed upside down;
positions that involve intense pelvic floor muscle tension.

Beneficial activities include:

prenatal yoga or Pilates;
general strengthening exercises for various muscle groups and to boost circulation;
steady, rhythmic movements that improve breathing and stimulate metabolic processes.

Discomforts During Pregnancy

Lower Abdominal Pain

More often, it's a pulling sensation. This is caused by the stretching of the ligamentous apparatus as the uterus increases in size. It occurs especially frequently in women who did not engage in sports before pregnancy. Certain measured physical exercises, wearing maternity underwear including support belts, and avoiding clothes that press on the abdomen and high-heeled shoes can help.

Constipation

This is explained by the compression of the intestines by the enlarging uterus. As a result, food stops moving smoothly through the intestines and gets stuck. Irregular bowel movements and constipation are observed. The same cause leads to bloating – flatulence. This condition can be corrected by consuming fiber-rich foods and having frequent but small meals. When adjusting your diet, it's important to analyze the compatibility of different foods.

Heartburn

The backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus occurs due to the weakness of the pyloric sphincter. Its tone decreases under the influence of excess pregnancy hormones and can also be explained by dietary defects. Heartburn can be managed with small, frequent meals and proper selection of food components. Drinking baking soda in this case is harmful, as it is a strong irritant to the mucous membranes.

Itching or Burning in the Vaginal Area

You need to see a doctor. It could be the onset of vaginitis or colpitis. The cause might be an infection and a weakened immune system. Hormonal changes and significant stress can lead to vaginal dysbiosis and, consequently, inflammation of its mucous membranes. Another reason for itching could be allergic reactions to personal hygiene products, household chemicals, allergenic foods, and drinks. Allergic vaginitis can be managed by eliminating the allergen and taking mild antihistamines.

Inflammatory Processes in the Mouth

These can occur with hereditary diseases, diabetes, and congenital metabolic disorders. If a pregnant woman has a hormonal imbalance, abused alcohol, and smoked before pregnancy, or has chronic gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation of the oral mucosa can signal serious problems.

Uterine Muscle Hypertonus

This condition might be caused by the increased growth of the uterus. However, to determine the exact reasons, you should consult a doctor. They can help diagnose a potential placental abruption and the onset of a miscarriage in a timely manner. At this stage, hospitalization is necessary. Treatment is symptomatic.

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Many pregnant women develop this condition due to a lack of iron intake. It is indicated by a hemoglobin level in a complete blood count below 110. It is necessary to enrich the diet with both ferrous and ferric iron, along with vitamin C to enhance absorption. Treatment is carried out under the supervision of hemoglobin levels.

Leg Cramps and Numbness

The cause of this painful symptom is poor circulation in the lower extremities. It could be that the enlarged uterus is compressing important blood vessels. Another reason could be the weakness of the heart muscle, which is struggling to handle the increased volume of circulating fluid. A third reason might be a calcium deficiency in the body. If no health pathologies are found by the doctor, this issue can be managed by adjusting activity levels, light leg massages, and avoiding a constantly sedentary lifestyle.

Mood Swings

An unstable emotional state. This is explained by the hyperproduction and activity of pregnancy hormones.

Breast Pain

This is due to the breasts preparing for breastfeeding. The breasts swell, there may be discharge from the milk ducts, and the skin becomes more sensitive.

Checklist

A visit to the gynecologist, which includes an anthropometric examination and registration if it hasn't been done previously. During the initial visit, the pregnant woman will be referred to an ophthalmologist, endocrinologist, dentist, and neurologist. If necessary, a consultation with a surgeon, gastroenterologist, or urologist may be required.
Urinalysis to detect kidney disorders or inflammations in other organs.
Complete blood count (CBC).
Prenatal screening to identify fetal development abnormalities and the risk of their occurrence.
Biochemical blood test to determine levels of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, inorganic substances and vitamins, low-molecular-weight nitrogenous substances, and enzymes.
Determination of blood type and Rh factor.
Blood test for HIV, parenteral hepatitis, and TORCH infections.
Swab for gonorrhea.

The listed items are mandatory for all pregnant women at the 12th week. Depending on individual indications, additional tests, instrumental examinations, and procedures may be prescribed. Examples include electrocardiogram (ECG), echography, encephalography, and gastroduodenoscopy.

At 12 weeks, you can start attending prenatal classes that include mandatory physical exercises. It's important to update your wardrobe and get clothes made mostly from natural materials. During the colder months, it's recommended to wear clothing that allows for good air circulation.

Where is the baby in my womb at 12 weeks?

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What are the risks associated with smoking or drinking during pregnancy at 12 weeks?

How can I manage my stress levels during the 12th week of pregnancy?

What kind of dietary changes should a woman make at 12 weeks pregnant?

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